abstract：:WHO's reference protocol for post-exposure rabies vaccination advises five intramuscular injections on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 30; in addition, rabies immunoglobulins (RIG) must be given to serious cases of exposure (grade III severity). Some studies indicate that these immunoglobulins suppress the immunogenicity of rab...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Lang J,Simanjuntak GH,Soerjosembodo S,Koesharyono C

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Villages associated with the Lesotho Highlands Development Agency were randomized with a bias in favour of larger villages, and children < 5 years of age from cluster-randomized households in these villages were chosen for the assessment of antibiotic resistance in pneumococci. Children of the same age group attending...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Mthwalo M,Wasas A,Huebner R,Koornhof HJ,Klugman KP

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:LATEX/IgM, a rapid agglutination test for the semi-quantitative detection of IgM in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with African trypanosomiasis, is described in this article. The lyophilized reagent has been designed for field use and remains stable at 45 degrees C for one year. The test has been evaluated on cerebro...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Lejon V,Büscher P,Sema NH,Magnus E,Van Meirvenne N

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article provides a framework for the design of future eradication programmes so that the greatest benefit accrues to health systems development from the implementation of such programmes. The framework focuses on weak and fragile health systems and assumes that eradication leads to the cessation of the interventi...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Melgaard B,Creese A,Aylward B,Olivé JM,Maher C,Okwo-Bele JM,Lee JW

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A retrospective survey, based on a standardized questionnaire sent to qualified public health experts in tuberculosis in 50 European countries, was carried out to evaluate the following: concordance between national vaccination programmes and WHO recommendations on BCG vaccination for prevention of tuberculosis; relat...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Trnka L,Dankova D,Zitova J,Cimprichova L,Migliori GB,Clancy L,Zellweger JP

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Despite major obstacles, activities to control sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) were initiated in Haiti in 1992 in collaboration with local nongovernmental organizations. The approaches included review of available local data, assessment of STD case management practices and constraints, and development of specific...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Behets FM,Génécé E,Narcisse M,Liautaud B,Cohen M,Dallabetta GA

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Studying the susceptibility of 189 Neisseria meningitidis strains to penicillin, amoxicillin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol and rifampicin by determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) by agar dilution (reference method), E-test and disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar at 37 degrees C...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Nicolas P,Cavallo JD,Fabre R,Martet G

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Bringing together various disease-specific guidelines for sick children, WHO and UNICEF have developed an Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) algorithm, one component of which (assess and classify) was tested in the outpatient department of a rural district hospital in western Uganda. Children aged 2-59 ...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Kolstad PR,Burnham G,Kalter HD,Kenya-Mugisha N,Black RE

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Inspection and palpation are the traditional methods used to determine thyroid volume in areas of moderate-to-severe iodine deficiency. However, in areas of mild endemicity, and generally whenever goitres are small, ultrasonography is a safe, noninvasive technique that provides a more precise and objective method for ...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors：

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Since 1990 the WHO Global Tuberculosis Programme (GTB) has promoted the revision of national tuberculosis programmes to strengthen the focus on directly observed treatment, short-course (DOTS) and close monitoring of treatment outcomes. GTB has encouraged in-depth evaluation of activities through a comprehensive progr...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Pio A,Luelmo F,Kumaresan J,Spinaci S

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In a community study during a reference period of 1 year, 192 cases of jaundice were detected in an urban population of 69,440 in Alwar, Rajasthan. Detected by paramedics and confirmed by physicians, these cases gave an annual incidence of 2.76 (95% CI: 2.37-3.15) per 1000 population. At least one of these patients di...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Singh J,Prakash C,Gupta RS,Bora D,Jain DC,Datta KK

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Vaccines constitute the single most important cost factor in the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) in Mozambique and in view of future new disease-control initiatives, the proportional expenditure on vaccines will only increase. Airfreight may contribute up to at least 25% of the total cost of delivered vaccine...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Schreuder B,Arentsen H,Matosse M

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Reported are the results of a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial of annual ivermectin dosing in 34 rural communities, Kaduna State, northern Nigeria, where guinea savanna onchocerciasis is mesoendemic. A total of 939 individuals underwent Friedmann field analysis at the first examination and saw at le...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Cousens SN,Cassels-Brown A,Murdoch I,Babalola OE,Jatau D,Alexander ND,Evans JE,Danboyi P,Abiose A,Jones BR

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:To characterize the epidemiology of dysentery (defined as bloody diarrhoea) in Burundi, we reviewed national surveillance data and conducted a household cluster survey including two case--control studies: one at the household, the other at the individual level. We estimated that community incidences for dysentery (per...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Birmingham ME,Lee LA,Ntakibirora M,Bizimana F,Deming MS

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:DEC (diethylcarbamazine)-medicated salt, at a concentration of 0.1 to 0.2 mg per 100 mg, was given to the entire population of Karaikal (119 978) in South India for a 4-year period from 1982. The per capita consumption of DEC in medicated salt was 13.3 grams for the entire period. The prevalence of microfilaraemia dec...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Reddy GS,Venkateswaralu N

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The risks and expected benefits from iodized oil, given orally or by injection, to pregnant women in areas of severe iodine deficiency where iodized salt is not available were evaluated. The conclusions, which were approved by the International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD), showed that f...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors：

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Presented is an assessment of the cost-effectiveness of cataract surgery using cost and services data from the Lumbini Zonal Eye Care Programme in Nepal. The analysis suggests that cataract surgery may be even more cost-effective than previously reported. Under a "best estimate" scenario, cataract surgery had a cost o...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Marseille E

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:There is a need for additional data on the distribution of pneumococcal serotypes in developing countries. We report the use of a coagglutination (COA) and a latex agglutination (LA) test for serotyping Streptococcus pneumoniae which were evaluated using 114 clinical isolates in Vellore, India. In tests to serotype 30...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Lalitha MK,Pai R,John TJ,Thomas K,Jesudason MV,Brahmadathan KN,Sridharan G,Steinhoff MC

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The QBC (quantitative buffy coat) technique was compared with that of the Giemsa-stained thick blood film (GTF) under field conditions in Junlian and Mingshan counties, Sichuan, China, for rapid diagnosis of vivax malaria. Blood samples were collected from 364 volunteer villagers, and each sample was examined with bot...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Wang X,Zhu S,Liu Q,Hu A,Zan Z,Yu Q,Yin Q

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in Pakistan. The National ARI Control Programme was launched in 1989 in order to reduce the mortality attributed to pneumonia, and rationalize the use of drugs in the management of patients with ARI. WHO's standard ARI case man...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Qazi SA,Rehman GN,Khan MA

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In the early summer of 1993, an outbreak of Rift Valley fever (RVF) was reported among both humans and animals in Aswan Governorate, Upper Egypt. To determine whether RVF infection had spread to the Nile delta region of the country, we carried out a cross-sectional survey of 1181 occupationally exposed abattoir worker...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Abu-Elyazeed R,el-Sharkawy S,Olson J,Botros B,Soliman A,Salib A,Cummings C,Arthur R

更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The ParaSight(R)-F test is a qualitative diagnostic test of Plasmodium falciparum, which is based on the detection by a monoclonal antibody of a species-specific soluble antigen (histidine-rich protein (HRP-II)) in whole blood and which can be performed without special equipment. A visual reading is given by a polyclo...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Uguen C,Rabodonirina M,De Pina JJ,Vigier JP,Martet G,Maret M,Peyron F

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Reported are the results of a study to investigate the immunogenicity of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) when administered in mass campaigns compared with that following routine immunization programmes. For this purpose, paired sera were collected from a cohort of children before and after a mass vaccination with OPV in...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Richardson G,Linkins RW,Eames MA,Wood DJ,Campbell PJ,Ankers E,Deniel M,Kabbaj A,Magrath DI,Minor PD

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In many developing countries the haemoglobinopathies (thalassaemias and sickle-cell disorder) are so common that they provide a convenient model for working out a genetic approach to control of chronic childhood diseases. At present, about 250 million people (4.5% of the world population) carry a potentially pathologi...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Angastiniotis M,Modell B,Englezos P,Boulyjenkov V

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A dengue type 1 epidemic occurred in Fiji between July 1989 and July 1990. Virus isolation in C6/36 cell cultures and Toxorhynchites mosquitos yielded 36 strains. Of the 3686 cases recorded by the Ministry of Health, 60% involved indigenous Fijians and 37%, Indians. A house-to-house survey revealed that a large majori...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Fagbami AH,Mataika JU,Shrestha M,Gubler DJ

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In 1979, in view of the widespread resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine in the island of Hainan, China, it use as an antimalarial was suspended throughout the island. A longitudinal survey of the chloroquine-sensitivity of P. falciparum was carried out over the period 1981-91 to investigate whether its r...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Liu DQ,Liu RJ,Ren DX,Gao DQ,Zhang CY,Qui CP,Cai XZ,Ling CF,Song AH,Tang X

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Up-to-date information is given on the epidemiological situation of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) in nine Mediterranean countries, and on drug regimens adopted in the management of ZVL patients in each country. Results of experimental and clinical trials on the efficacy and tolerability of liposomal amphoteric...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Gradoni L,Bryceson A,Desjeux P

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Described is a computer software package, EPIZOO, which has been developed specifically for undergraduate and postgraduate education, self-training, problem-solving, and simulation studies in veterinary epidemiology. The program is based on action-oriented animal population health/disease analyses and programming. EPI...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Kouba V

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Structural quality is a key element in the quality of care provided at the primary level, which aims to offer health care interventions of proven efficacy. This assessment of the structural quality of Tanzanian primary health services indicated serious weaknesses in the available physical infrastructure, as well as su...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Gilson L,Magomi M,Mkangaa E

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The direct costs were determined by conducting a retrospective study on the files of 100 diabetics (selected at random) who had attended the clinic at least once in 1991. Another study was conducted simultaneously under the same conditions on 100 non-diabetic patients. Diabetic patients attend on average 8 times a yea...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Rekik M,Abid M,Hachicha J,Abbes R,Moujahed M,Jarraya A

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The serological identification of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in blood is the most widely used method to diagnose HIV infection. Recently, however, the use of oral fluid samples for the detection of antibodies to HIV has been suggested as an alternative. This review describes some basic informatio...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Tamashiro H,Constantine NT

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The HemoCue system utilizes the principle of oxidation of haemoglobin to hemiglobin by sodium nitrite and the subsequent conversion of hemiglobin to hemiglobinazide by sodium azide. The reagents for these reactions are contained within a small disposable microcuvette of approximately 10 microliters in volume. A venous...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Hudson-Thomas M,Bingham KC,Simmons WK

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Israel has faced the challenge presented by epidemic poliomyelitis by using different immunization strategies. In the 1950s, inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) helped to reduce the total burden of the disease, but cases continued to occur. Introduction of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) in mid-1961 had a dramatic effe...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Goldblum N,Gerichter CB,Tulchinsky TH,Melnick JL

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Reported is the assessment of a model to evaluate the efficacy of public health programmes, using the example of the Chagas Disease Control Programme in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The reduction in Trypanosoma cruzi infection rates in areas where interventions had been carried out for 5 years and 10 years, resp...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Carneiro M,Antunes CM

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Forecasts of tuberculosis morbidity and mortality are presented for the decade 1990-99. An estimated 88 million new cases of tuberculosis, of which 8 million will be attributable to HIV infection, will occur in the world during the decade; 30 million people are predicted to die of tuberculosis in the same period, incl...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Dolin PJ,Raviglione MC,Kochi A

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In many health facilities in east Africa, haemoglobin estimation is performed using visual colour comparison methods. Efforts to establish colorimetric methods face numerous constraints, including the unavailability of standards for quality control. In contrast, the alkaline haematin D-575 method for haemoglobin estim...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Lema OE,Carter JY,Arube PA,Munafu CG,Wangai MW,Rees PH

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In view of the considerable and continuing public health significance of Mycobacterium bovis infection in humans and animals, WHO convened a meeting on zoonotic tuberculosis in Geneva in November 1993. The participants at the meeting reviewed the human and animal tuberculosis situation worldwide, discussed the zoonoti...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors：

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The association between the period elapsed since weaning and the risk of shigellosis was assessed between 1 November 1987 and 30 November 1989 for a cohort of 1085 Bangladeshi children aged < 3 years. The children were followed for 1 month after exposure to Shigella spp. in their residential neighbourhoods, and the 26...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Ahmed F,Clemens JD,Rao MR,Khan MR,Haque E

更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In this review of published findings on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and risk factors among female sex workers, we summarize the results of seroprevalence studies in different countries and discuss the different patterns of transmission among such workers in various geographical regions. The highest ra...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Estébanez P,Fitch K,Nájera R

更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hospital- and community-based studies were conducted in central Sudan to investigate the association between pesticide exposure and perinatal mortality. The cases were 197 stillbirths in the hospital and 36 perinatal deaths in the community; the controls were 812 liveborn, normal-birth-weight infants in the hospital, ...

journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization

authors： Taha TE,Gray RH

更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00